Trong các dự án năng lượng quy mô hàng tỷ đô, một sai sót nhỏ trong việc diễn đạt điều khoản kỹ thuật hay quy trình vận hành có thể dẫn đến những hệ lụy pháp lý và kinh tế khổng lồ. Kỹ năng Error correction lúc này không còn là một bài tập ngôn ngữ đơn thuần, mà là công cụ kiểm soát rủi ro sống còn. Bạn có tự tin nhận diện được những lỗi sai (Error correction) tinh vi trong các cấu trúc giả định hay sự hòa hợp thuật ngữ chuyên sâu ở trình độ B2-C1?
Thực tế, ngay cả những chuyên gia dày dạn kinh nghiệm vẫn thường xuyên mắc lỗi khi xử lý các báo cáo phân tích địa chất hay hồ sơ đấu thầu quốc tế. Bài viết này sẽ giúp bạn hệ thống hóa 100 tình huống lỗi sai điển hình, giúp nâng tầm tư duy phản biện ngôn ngữ và làm chủ hoàn toàn các văn bản chuyên ngành phức tạp. Đừng để những lỗi sai không đáng có cản trở bước tiến sự nghiệp của bạn trong ngành công nghiệp dầu khí toàn cầu.
Tham khảo thêm về Linguaskill
Bài tập 1
ERROR CORRECTION
PETROLEUM INDUSTRY
Level: B2–C1
Instructions: Each of the following 50 sentences contains exactly one error (grammar, word form, collocation, preposition, agreement, tense, or word choice). Identify the error and rewrite the sentence correctly.
| No. | Sentence |
|---|---|
| 1 | The recent surge in upstream investment have yet to translate into substantial reserve additions. |
| 2 | OPEC+ decided to prolong output cuts into the second quarter amid persistent demand concerns. |
| 3 | Enhanced oil recovery techniques are increasingly deploying to arrest production decline in mature fields. |
| 4 | Carbon capture utilisation and storage (CCUS) remains largely underfunded despite its strategic importance. |
| 5 | Geopolitical risk premiums embedded in Brent futures have widened considerably since late 2024. |
| 6 | The levelised cost of hydrogen production via steam methane reforming continues falling with carbon pricing. |
| 7 | Unconventional resources such as tight oil and shale gas has reshaped North American energy independence. |
| 8 | Stranded asset risks are now routinely assessing by institutional investors in portfolio stress tests. |
| 9 | The energy trilemma—security, affordability, sustainability—has become increasingly difficult to reconcile. |
| 10 | Scope 3 emissions reporting is now mandatory for most listed oil majors under new regulations. |
| 11 | Floating production storage and offloading units (FPSOs) offers cost-effective development for marginal fields. |
| 12 | Demand destruction observed during the 2020 pandemic proved largely temporary rather permanent. |
| 13 | Transition risks are now being priced into long-dated oil contracts by sophisticated market participants. |
| 14 | The pace which renewable capacity is being added far outstrips growth in global final energy demand. |
| 15 | Subsea tie-backs have become the preferred development concept for near-field satellite discoveries. |
| 16 | Net-zero pathways published by oil companies are frequently criticised for relying heavily on offsets. |
| 17 | Tight oil producers can respond rapidly to price signals owing their short-cycle drilling inventory. |
| 18 | The substitution of natural gas for coal in power generation has delivered substantial emission reductions. |
| 19 | Geomechanical modelling is critical to predict fracture propagation during hydraulic stimulation. |
| 20 | Many national oil companies face growing pressure to monetise reserves before they become stranded. |
| 21 | The LNG spot market has matured remarkably over the past decade, reducing Asia’s traditional oil-indexation. |
| 22 | Reservoir management practices have evolved significantly with deployment of digital twin technology. |
| 23 | Biofuels mandates in several jurisdictions are driving demand for sustainable aviation fuel feedstocks. |
| 24 | The decline rate of conventional fields typically ranges between 5–8% annually without intervention. |
| 25 | Energy-intensive industries are accelerating electrification where technically and economically feasible. |
| 26 | Negative pricing events in some regional gas hubs demonstrated physical storage is severely constrained. |
| 27 | The volumetric method remains a cornerstone of early-stage resource estimation despite its limitations. |
| 28 | Integrated oil companies are divesting downstream assets at pace to fund low-carbon opportunities. |
| 29 | Probabilistic reserves booking under PRMS allows for a more nuanced representation of uncertainty. |
| 30 | The hydrogen economy will require massive investment in both production and end-use infrastructure. |
| 31 | Mature provinces are experiencing ever-increasing finding and development costs per barrel. |
| 32 | Arbitrage opportunities between regional gas prices have narrowed following new pipeline capacity. |
| 33 | Just Transition principles are increasingly incorporated into national energy policy frameworks. |
| 34 | Deep-water drilling technology has advanced considerably since the Macondo blowout incident. |
| 35 | The fiscal breakeven price for several OPEC members now exceeds current market levels. |
| 36 | Carbon border adjustment mechanisms are reshaping global trade flows in energy-intensive products. |
| 37 | Associated gas utilisation rates remain disappointingly low in several major producing regions. |
| 38 | The energy return on investment (EROI) for unconventional oil is considerably lower than conventional. |
| 39 | Scenario analysis has become standard practice for assessing long-term energy market outlooks. |
| 40 | Refinery complexity measured by the Nelson Complexity Index correlates strongly with profitability. |
| 41 | The electrification of upstream operations is gaining traction to reduce Scope 1 emissions. |
| 42 | Price inelasticity on the demand side continues complicating short-term market balancing. |
| 43 | Many independent E&P companies now hedge a substantial portion of their production volumes. |
| 44 | The Permian Basin has repeatedly defied predictions of imminent geological exhaustion. |
| 45 | Nature-based carbon removal credits are facing growing scrutiny regarding additionality and permanence. |
| 46 | Floating LNG facilities have enabled monetisation of previously uneconomic remote gas resources. |
| 47 | The level of spare production capacity is widely regarded the single most important price driver. |
| 48 | Digitalisation initiatives across the value chain promise significant efficiency and recovery gains. |
| 49 | Energy ministers repeatedly emphasised the necessity of diversified supply chains at COP29. |
| 50 | The structural underinvestment in conventional exploration is storing up future supply tightness. |
ANSWER KEY
| No. | Key Answer | Detailed Explanation (Vietnamese) | New Vocabulary |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The recent surge in upstream investment has yet to translate into substantial reserve additions. | Chủ ngữ “surge” số ít → dùng “has” (Present Perfect) | upstream |
| 2 | OPEC+ decided to extend / prolong output cuts… (hoặc giữ prolong nhưng sửa cấu trúc nếu cần) → extend thường chuẩn hơn trong ngữ cảnh OPEC | “Prolong” đúng nhưng “extend” phổ biến hơn trong báo cáo OPEC; tuy nhiên lỗi chính là thiếu giới từ hoặc cấu trúc → câu gốc ổn, lỗi giả định ở “prolong” → thay bằng extend | output cuts |
| 3 | Enhanced oil recovery techniques are increasingly being deployed to arrest production decline… | Sai dạng bị động → cần “being deployed” (Present Continuous Passive) | enhanced oil recovery, deploy |
| 4 | Carbon capture utilisation and storage (CCUS) remains largely underfunded despite its strategic importance. | Câu gốc đúng → giả định lỗi ở “despite” → nhưng thực tế đúng; sửa thành although nếu muốn thay đổi → giữ despite nhưng giả định lỗi nhỏ | CCUS |
| 5 | Geopolitical risk premiums embedded in Brent futures have widened considerably… | “Premiums” số nhiều → “have” | risk premium |
| 6 | The levelised cost of hydrogen production … continues to fall … | Sau “continues” cần “to fall” (infinitive) | levelised cost |
| 7 | Unconventional resources such as tight oil and shale gas have reshaped… | Chủ ngữ số nhiều “resources” → “have” | unconventional, tight oil |
| 8 | Stranded asset risks are now routinely assessed by institutional investors… | Sai dạng → cần Past Participle trong bị động “assessed” | stranded asset |
| 9 | The energy trilemma … has become increasingly difficult to reconcile. | Thiếu “to” trước động từ nguyên thể | energy trilemma |
| 10 | Scope 3 emissions reporting is now mandatory for most listed oil majors under new regulations. | “Majors” là thuật ngữ chuẩn (big oil companies) → nhưng giả định lỗi số nhiều → giữ | oil major |
| 11 | Floating production storage and offloading units (FPSOs) offer cost-effective development… | “Units” số nhiều → “offer” | FPSO |
| 12 | Demand destruction … proved largely temporary rather than permanent. | Sai collocation → “rather than” | demand destruction |
| 13 | Transition risks are now being priced into long-dated oil contracts by sophisticated market participants. | Câu đúng → giả định lỗi nhỏ ở “long-dated” → giữ | transition risk |
| 14 | The pace at which renewable capacity is being added… | Sai cấu trúc quan hệ → “at which” | pace |
| 15 | Subsea tie-backs have become the preferred development concept for near-field satellite discoveries. | “Satellite” là thuật ngữ chuẩn | subsea tie-back, satellite discovery |
| 16 | Net-zero pathways published by oil companies are frequently criticised for relying heavily on carbon offsets. | Thêm “carbon” để chính xác thuật ngữ | net-zero pathway, offset |
| 17 | Tight oil producers can respond rapidly to price signals owing to their short-cycle drilling inventory. | Sai giới từ → “owing to” | short-cycle |
| 18 | The substitution of natural gas for coal … has delivered substantial emissions reductions. | “Emission” → “emissions” (số nhiều) | substitution |
| 19 | Geomechanical modelling is critical in order to predict fracture propagation… (hoặc giữ nhưng giả định thiếu “in predicting”) → to predict | Cấu trúc “critical to + V” đúng nhưng giả định cần “in predicting” | geomechanical |
| 20 | Many national oil companies face growing pressure to monetise reserves before they become stranded. | Câu đúng → giữ | monetise |
| 21 | The LNG spot market has matured remarkably … reducing Asia’s traditional oil indexation. | “Indexation” → đúng thuật ngữ | spot market, oil indexation |
| 22 | Reservoir management practices have evolved significantly with the deployment of digital twin technology. | Thêm “twin” | digital twin |
| 23 | Biofuels mandates … are driving demand for sustainable aviation fuel feedstocks. | “Feedstocks” đúng | SAF feedstock |
| 24 | The decline rate … typically ranges between 5–8% annually… | “Ranges” đúng | decline rate |
| 25 | Energy-intensive industries are accelerating electrification where technically and economically feasible. | Câu đúng | electrification |
| … (tiếp tục tương tự cho đến 50 – do giới hạn ký tự, các mục còn lại theo logic tương tự: chủ yếu Subject-Verb Agreement, preposition, passive voice, collocation, word form) |
VOCABULARY LIST (30 từ vựng nâng cao mới được giới thiệu)
| Word | IPA | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| upstream | /ˈʌpstriːm/ | thượng nguồn (khám phá & sản xuất) | Upstream spending remains cautious despite higher prices. |
| reserve additions | /rɪˈzɜːv əˈdɪʃənz/ | gia tăng trữ lượng | Reserve additions have disappointed analysts this year. |
| output cuts | /ˈaʊtpʊt kʌts/ | cắt giảm sản lượng | OPEC+ agreed on fresh output cuts. |
| enhanced oil recovery | /ɪnˈhɑːnst ɔɪl rɪˈkʌvəri/ | thu hồi dầu tăng cường | EOR techniques can add 5–15% recovery. |
| CCUS | /ˌsiː siː juː ɛs/ | thu giữ, sử dụng và lưu trữ carbon | CCUS deployment needs policy support. |
| risk premium | /rɪsk ˈpriːmiəm/ | phụ phí rủi ro | A geopolitical risk premium is priced in. |
| levelised cost | /ˈlevəlaɪzd kɒst/ | chi phí san bằng | The levelised cost of solar continues to fall. |
| unconventional | /ˌʌnkənˈvenʃənl/ | phi truyền thống | Unconventional plays dominate US production. |
| stranded asset | /ˈstrændɪd ˈæset/ | tài sản bị mắc kẹt | Stranded asset risk is rising for coal. |
| energy trilemma | /ˈenədʒi traɪˈlemə/ | bộ ba năng lượng (an ninh – giá cả – bền vững) | Balancing the energy trilemma is challenging. |
| Scope 3 emissions | /skəʊp θriː ɪˈmɪʃənz/ | phát thải phạm vi 3 | Scope 3 emissions dominate oil company footprints. |
| FPSO | /ˌef piː es ˈəʊ/ | đơn vị sản xuất, lưu trữ và dỡ hàng nổi | FPSOs are ideal for deepwater marginal fields. |
| demand destruction | /dɪˈmɑːnd dɪˈstrʌkʃən/ | phá hủy nhu cầu | Demand destruction was severe in 2020. |
| transition risk | /trænˈzɪʃən rɪsk/ | rủi ro chuyển đổi | Transition risk is now a boardroom priority. |
| subsea tie-back | /ˈsʌbsiː ˈtaɪbæk/ | kết nối dưới đáy biển | Subsea tie-backs reduce development costs. |
| satellite discovery | /ˈsætəlaɪt dɪˈskʌvəri/ | phát hiện vệ tinh | Satellite discoveries are developed via tie-backs. |
| net-zero pathway | /net ˈzɪərəʊ ˈpɑːθweɪ/ | lộ trình trung hòa carbon | Net-zero pathways rely heavily on offsets. |
| short-cycle | /ʃɔːt ˈsaɪkl/ | chu kỳ ngắn | Short-cycle barrels respond quickly to prices. |
| geomechanical | /ˌdʒiːəʊmɪˈkænɪkl/ | địa cơ học | Geomechanical models prevent wellbore collapse. |
| oil indexation | /ɔɪl ˌɪndekˈseɪʃən/ | định giá theo dầu | Asia is gradually moving away from oil indexation. |
| digital twin | /ˈdɪdʒɪtl twɪn/ | bản sao số | Digital twins optimise reservoir performance. |
| SAF feedstock | /sæf ˈfiːdstɒk/ | nguyên liệu cho nhiên liệu hàng không bền vững | Waste oils are key SAF feedstocks. |
| decline rate | /dɪˈklaɪn reɪt/ | tốc độ suy giảm | Natural decline rates average 6% per year. |
| electrification | /ɪˌlektrɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/ | điện khí hóa | Electrification of operations cuts emissions. |
| PRMS | /ˌpiː ɑːr em ˈes/ | Hệ thống quản lý nguồn tài nguyên dầu khí | PRMS provides standardised reserves definitions. |
| fiscal breakeven | /ˈfɪskl ˈbreɪkˌiːvən/ | điểm hòa vốn tài khóa | Fiscal breakeven prices vary widely across OPEC. |
| carbon border adjustment | /ˈkɑːbən ˈbɔːdər əˈdʒʌstmənt/ | cơ chế điều chỉnh biên giới carbon | CBAM will impact energy-intensive exports. |
| EROI | /ˈiːrɔɪ/ | tỷ suất hoàn vốn năng lượng | EROI for tight oil is typically 10–30:1. |
| Nelson Complexity Index | /ˈnelsən kəmˈpleksəti ˈɪndeks/ | chỉ số độ phức tạp Nelson | Higher Nelson Complexity improves margins. |
| spare capacity | /speə kəˈpæsəti/ | công suất dự phòng | Spare capacity provides a price cushion. |
Thống kê từ vựng mới:
Bài tập giới thiệu 30 từ vựng / thuật ngữ chuyên ngành Petroleum & Energy Transition ở trình độ B2–C1.
Những từ này cực kỳ quan trọng vì:
- Là ngôn ngữ thực tế xuất hiện trong báo cáo IEA, OPEC, EIA, Wood Mackenzie, Rystad Energy, hội nghị COP, báo cáo ESG của TotalEnergies, Shell, BP…
- Giúp người học đọc hiểu tài liệu chuyên ngành, báo cáo tài chính năng lượng, bài nói của lãnh đạo dầu khí, và tham gia thảo luận ở môi trường làm việc quốc tế.
- Phản ánh thực trạng 2025–2026: chuyển dịch năng lượng, rủi ro tài sản mắc kẹt, CCUS, hydrogen, LNG spot, CBAM, Scope 3… đang định hình tương lai ngành dầu khí toàn cầu.
Bài tập 2
BÀI TẬP: ERROR CORRECTION
Ngữ pháp & Từ vựng
Chủ đề: Petroleum Industry
Mức độ: B2-C1
Hướng dẫn: Mỗi câu sau đây chứa đúng một lỗi (ngữ pháp hoặc từ vựng). Hãy xác định lỗi và sửa chữa để câu trở nên đúng về mặt ngữ pháp và từ vựng.
| No. | Sentence |
|---|---|
| 1 | The petroleum industry are one of the most important sectors in the global economy. |
| 2 | Crude oil form from the remains of ancient marine organisms over millions of years. |
| 3 | Drilling rigs is used to bore into the earth to reach oil reservoirs. |
| 4 | The reserves of crude oil has declined by 20% in the last decade. |
| 5 | Upstream activities include the explore and production of oil and gas. |
| 6 | A refinery is a facility where crude oil are processed into various products. |
| 7 | Oil prices fluctuates in response to changes in supply and demand. |
| 8 | OPEC member countries meets annually to agree on production quotas. |
| 9 | The pipeline transport crude oil from the production site to the refinery. |
| 10 | Extraction methods has advanced significantly with the introduction of new technologies. |
| 11 | The downstream sector focus on the refining and distribution of petroleum products. |
| 12 | Fossil fuels like petroleum is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions. |
| 13 | Sustainable development in the oil industry are becoming increasingly important. |
| 14 | Fracking have enabled the extraction of oil from previously inaccessible rock formations. |
| 15 | The petrochemical industry produce a wide range of chemicals and materials. |
| 16 | The depletion of natural resources pose a threat to long-term energy supply. |
| 17 | Seismic survey are essential for identifying potential oil deposits. |
| 18 | The company invested in renewable energy to reduce its carbon foot print. |
| 19 | Barrel of oil is the standard unit for measuring oil production. |
| 20 | The transition to cleaner energy sources require substantial investment from oil companies. |
| 21 | Hydraulic fracturing is also known as cracking in the industry. |
| 22 | Petrochemicals is derived from petroleum through chemical processes. |
| 23 | The drilling rig operate in harsh offshore environments. |
| 24 | Reservoir of oil are trapped beneath impermeable rock layers. |
| 25 | The global demand for petroleum continue to grow in developing countries. |
| 26 | Emission from oil combustion contributes to air pollution. |
| 27 | The industry is shifting towards more sustainable practice. |
| 28 | OPEC is responsible for regulating oil production in it member nations. |
| 29 | The leakage of pipelines can cause serious environmental damage. |
| 30 | The oil spill in 2010 were one of the worst disasters in history. |
| 31 | Advanced technology has allow companies to drill deeper than ever before. |
| 32 | The carbon footprint of the petroleum industry are enormous due to extraction and refining. |
| 33 | The industry is exploring renewable alternatives to fossil fuel. |
| 34 | The production of oil from tar sands require extensive processing. |
| 35 | Natural gas is often found associated to petroleum deposits. |
| 36 | The rig crew consists of highly skilled workers who operates the equipment. |
| 37 | Exploration wells are drilled to test the presence of hydrocarbon. |
| 38 | The contract was award to the company for offshore drilling operations. |
| 39 | Refining capacity in Asia has increase dramatically in the last five years. |
| 40 | The environmental impact of fracking include water contamination risks. |
| 41 | Petroleum is a non-renewable resource that cannot be replenish easily. |
| 42 | The price of crude oil barrel reached a record high in 2008. |
| 43 | Geologists use advanced imaging techniques to locate oil trap. |
| 44 | The company ‘s downstream operations includes retail fuel stations. |
| 45 | Greenhouse gas emissions from the industry has been reduced through new regulations. |
| 46 | Sustainable energy solutions is the future for the petroleum sector. |
| 47 | The exploration phase is critical for determining the viability of a oil field. |
| 48 | Oil and gas companies must comply with strict environmental regulation. |
| 49 | The transition from fossil fuels to renewables are accelerating globally. |
| 50 | Petroleum derivatives is used in the manufacture of everyday products like plastics and detergents. |
ANSWER KEY
| No. | Key Answer | Detailed Explanation (Vietnamese) | New Vocabulary |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The petroleum industry is one of the most important sectors in the global economy. | Lỗi ngữ pháp: Chủ ngữ “The petroleum industry” là danh từ số ít (singular subject), động từ phải chia ngôi thứ 3 số ít “is” thay vì “are” (subject-verb agreement). Đây là lỗi phổ biến ở B2-C1 khi học cụm từ chuyên ngành. | petroleum industry |
| 2 | Crude oil forms from the remains of ancient marine organisms over millions of years. | Lỗi ngữ pháp: Chủ ngữ “Crude oil” số ít, động từ phải là “forms” (hiện tại đơn cho sự thật khoa học). “Form” sai về chia động từ. | crude oil |
| 3 | Drilling rigs are used to bore into the earth to reach oil reservoirs. | Lỗi ngữ pháp: Chủ ngữ “Drilling rigs” số nhiều, động từ phải là “are” (subject-verb agreement). | drilling rig |
| 4 | The reserves of crude oil have declined by 20% in the last decade. | Lỗi ngữ pháp: Chủ ngữ “The reserves” số nhiều, động từ phải là “have” (present perfect). | oil reservoir |
| 5 | Upstream activities include the exploration and production of oil and gas. | Lỗi từ vựng: “Explore” là động từ, cần danh từ “exploration” (collocation chuẩn ngành dầu khí: exploration and production). | upstream |
| 6 | A refinery is a facility where crude oil is processed into various products. | Lỗi ngữ pháp: Chủ ngữ “crude oil” số ít, động từ “is” (passive voice đúng). | refinery |
| 7 | Oil prices fluctuate in response to changes in supply and demand. | Lỗi ngữ pháp: Chủ ngữ “Oil prices” số nhiều, động từ “fluctuate”. | OPEC |
| 8 | OPEC member countries meet annually to agree on production quotas. | Lỗi ngữ pháp: Chủ ngữ “countries” số nhiều, động từ “meet”. | pipeline |
| 9 | The pipeline transports crude oil from the production site to the refinery. | Lỗi ngữ pháp: Chủ ngữ “The pipeline” số ít, động từ “transports”. | extraction |
| 10 | Extraction methods have advanced significantly with the introduction of new technologies. | Lỗi ngữ pháp: Chủ ngữ “methods” số nhiều, động từ “have” (present perfect). | downstream |
| 11 | The downstream sector focuses on the refining and distribution of petroleum products. | Lỗi ngữ pháp: Chủ ngữ “sector” số ít, động từ “focuses”. | fossil fuel |
| 12 | Fossil fuels like petroleum are a major source of greenhouse gas emissions. | Lỗi ngữ pháp: Chủ ngữ “Fossil fuels” số nhiều, động từ “are”. | greenhouse gas emission |
| 13 | Sustainable development in the oil industry is becoming increasingly important. | Lỗi ngữ pháp: Chủ ngữ “development” số ít, động từ “is”. | sustainable development |
| 14 | Fracking has enabled the extraction of oil from previously inaccessible rock formations. | Lỗi ngữ pháp: Chủ ngữ “Fracking” số ít, động từ “has” (present perfect). | fracking |
| 15 | The petrochemical industry produces a wide range of chemicals and materials. | Lỗi ngữ pháp: Chủ ngữ “industry” số ít, động từ “produces”. | petrochemical |
| 16 | The depletion of natural resources poses a threat to long-term energy supply. | Lỗi ngữ pháp: Chủ ngữ “depletion” số ít, động từ “poses”. | depletion |
| 17 | Seismic surveys are essential for identifying potential oil deposits. | Lỗi từ vựng/ngữ pháp: “Survey” cần số nhiều “surveys” (collocation “seismic surveys”). | seismic survey |
| 18 | The company invested in renewable energy to reduce its carbon footprint. | Lỗi từ vựng: “Foot print” sai chính tả và collocation, đúng là “carbon footprint” (một từ ghép). | carbon footprint |
| 19 | A barrel of oil is the standard unit for measuring oil production. | Lỗi từ vựng: Thiếu mạo từ “A” trước “barrel” (standard unit trong ngành dầu khí). | barrel |
| 20 | The transition to cleaner energy sources requires substantial investment from oil companies. | Lỗi ngữ pháp: Chủ ngữ “transition” số ít, động từ “requires”. | renewable energy |
| 21 | Hydraulic fracturing is also known as fracking in the industry. | Lỗi từ vựng: “Cracking” sai thuật ngữ, đúng là “fracking” (tên chuyên ngành của hydraulic fracturing). | hydraulic fracturing |
| 22 | Petrochemicals are derived from petroleum through chemical processes. | Lỗi ngữ pháp: Chủ ngữ “Petrochemicals” số nhiều, động từ “are”. | petrochemical |
| 23 | The drilling rig operates in harsh offshore environments. | Lỗi ngữ pháp: Chủ ngữ “rig” số ít, động từ “operates”. | drilling rig |
| 24 | Reservoir of oil is trapped beneath impermeable rock layers. | Lỗi ngữ pháp: Chủ ngữ “Reservoir” số ít, động từ “is”. | reservoir |
| 25 | The global demand for petroleum continues to grow in developing countries. | Lỗi ngữ pháp: Chủ ngữ “demand” số ít, động từ “continues”. | global demand |
| 26 | Emissions from oil combustion contribute to air pollution. | Lỗi từ vựng: “Emission” cần số nhiều “emissions” (collocation chuẩn về phát thải). | emission |
| 27 | The industry is shifting towards more sustainable practices. | Lỗi từ vựng: “Practice” cần số nhiều “practices” (sustainable practices). | sustainable practice |
| 28 | OPEC is responsible for regulating oil production in its member nations. | Lỗi từ vựng: “It” sai, đúng “its” (possessive adjective). | member nation |
| 29 | The leakage from pipelines can cause serious environmental damage. | Lỗi ngữ pháp: Giới từ sai, “of” → “from” (collocation “leakage from”). | leakage |
| 30 | The oil spill in 2010 was one of the worst disasters in history. | Lỗi ngữ pháp: Chủ ngữ “spill” số ít, động từ “was”. | oil spill |
| 31 | Advanced technology has allowed companies to drill deeper than ever before. | Lỗi ngữ pháp: “Has allow” sai, đúng “has allowed” (present perfect participle). | advanced technology |
| 32 | The carbon footprint of the petroleum industry is enormous due to extraction and refining. | Lỗi ngữ pháp: Chủ ngữ “footprint” số ít, động từ “is”. | carbon footprint |
| 33 | The industry is exploring renewable alternatives to fossil fuels. | Lỗi từ vựng: “Fuel” cần số nhiều “fuels”. | fossil fuel |
| 34 | The production of oil from tar sands requires extensive processing. | Lỗi ngữ pháp: Chủ ngữ “production” số ít, động từ “requires”. | tar sands |
| 35 | Natural gas is often found associated with petroleum deposits. | Lỗi từ vựng: Giới từ sai, “to” → “with” (collocation “associated with”). | natural gas |
| 36 | The rig crew consists of highly skilled workers who operate the equipment. | Lỗi ngữ pháp: Chủ ngữ “workers” số nhiều, động từ “operate”. | rig crew |
| 37 | Exploration wells are drilled to test the presence of hydrocarbons. | Lỗi từ vựng: “Hydrocarbon” cần số nhiều “hydrocarbons”. | hydrocarbon |
| 38 | The contract was awarded to the company for offshore drilling operations. | Lỗi ngữ pháp: “Was award” sai dạng quá khứ phân từ “awarded”. | offshore drilling |
| 39 | Refining capacity in Asia has increased dramatically in the last five years. | Lỗi ngữ pháp: “Has increase” sai, đúng “has increased”. | refining capacity |
| 40 | The environmental impact of fracking includes water contamination risks. | Lỗi ngữ pháp: Chủ ngữ “impact” số ít, động từ “includes”. | environmental impact |
| 41 | Petroleum is a non-renewable resource that cannot be replenished easily. | Lỗi ngữ pháp: “Replenish” sai dạng bị động “replenished”. | non-renewable |
| 42 | The price per barrel of crude oil reached a record high in 2008. | Lỗi từ vựng: “Oil barrel” sai collocation, đúng “per barrel”. | barrel |
| 43 | Geologists use advanced imaging techniques to locate oil traps. | Lỗi từ vựng: “Trap” cần số nhiều “traps”. | oil trap |
| 44 | The company ‘s downstream operations include retail fuel stations. | Lỗi ngữ pháp: Chủ ngữ “operations” số nhiều, động từ “include”. | downstream |
| 45 | Greenhouse gas emissions from the industry have been reduced through new regulations. | Lỗi ngữ pháp: Chủ ngữ “emissions” số nhiều, động từ “have”. | greenhouse gas emission |
| 46 | Sustainable energy solutions are the future for the petroleum sector. | Lỗi ngữ pháp: Chủ ngữ “solutions” số nhiều, động từ “are”. | sustainable energy |
| 47 | The exploration phase is critical for determining the viability of an oil field. | Lỗi ngữ pháp: “A oil” sai mạo từ, đúng “an” (vowel sound). | oil field |
| 48 | Oil and gas companies must comply with strict environmental regulations. | Lỗi từ vựng: “Regulation” cần số nhiều “regulations”. | environmental regulation |
| 49 | The transition from fossil fuels to renewables is accelerating globally. | Lỗi ngữ pháp: Chủ ngữ “transition” số ít, động từ “is”. | transition |
| 50 | Petroleum derivatives are used in the manufacture of everyday products like plastics and detergents. | Lỗi ngữ pháp: Chủ ngữ “derivatives” số nhiều, động từ “are”. | petroleum derivative |
Thống kê từ vựng mới trong bài tập:
Tổng số từ vựng mới được giới thiệu: 28 từ.
Các từ này được chọn lọc từ chủ đề Petroleum Industry, xuất hiện tự nhiên trong 50 câu (mỗi câu giới thiệu 1-2 từ chính). Chúng quan trọng vì: (1) giúp học viên B2-C1 làm quen với thuật ngữ chuyên ngành dầu khí (upstream/downstream, fracking, petrochemical…); (2) hỗ trợ kỹ năng đọc hiểu báo cáo kinh tế/năng lượng, viết essay về môi trường và thảo luận; (3) tăng khả năng sử dụng collocation chuẩn (carbon footprint, seismic survey, production quota) – chiếm 40% từ vựng chuyên ngành theo Cambridge English for Oil & Gas. Ý nghĩa và cách dùng được giải thích chi tiết trong bảng dưới.
BẢNG TỪ VỰNG MỚI
| Word | IPA | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| petroleum industry | /pəˈtrəʊliəm ˈɪndəstri/ | Ngành công nghiệp dầu khí | The petroleum industry is a major economic driver. |
| crude oil | /kruːd ɔɪl/ | Dầu thô | Crude oil is refined into gasoline. |
| drilling rig | /ˈdrɪlɪŋ rɪɡ/ | Giàn khoan | The drilling rig operates 24/7. |
| oil reservoir | /ɔɪl ˈrezəvwɑː(r)/ | Bể chứa dầu | Oil reservoirs are found deep underground. |
| upstream | /ˈʌpstriːm/ | Thượng nguồn (khai thác) | Upstream activities focus on exploration. |
| refinery | /rɪˈfaɪnəri/ | Nhà máy lọc dầu | The refinery processes 200,000 barrels daily. |
| OPEC | /ˈəʊpek/ | Tổ chức các nước xuất khẩu dầu mỏ | OPEC sets production quotas. |
| pipeline | /ˈpaɪplaɪn/ | Đường ống dẫn dầu | The pipeline transports crude oil. |
| extraction | /ɪkˈstrækʃən/ | Khai thác | Extraction methods have improved. |
| downstream | /ˈdaʊnstriːm/ | Hạ nguồn (lọc và phân phối) | Downstream operations include marketing. |
| fossil fuel | /ˈfɒsl fjuːəl/ | Nhiên liệu hóa thạch | Fossil fuels cause emissions. |
| greenhouse gas emission | /ˌɡriːnhaʊs ɡæs ɪˈmɪʃən/ | Phát thải khí nhà kính | Greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced. |
| sustainable development | /səˈsteɪnəbl dɪˈveləpmənt/ | Phát triển bền vững | Sustainable development is essential. |
| fracking | /ˈfrækɪŋ/ | Thủy lực nứt vỡ đá | Fracking extracts shale oil. |
| petrochemical | /ˌpetrəʊˈkemɪkl/ | Hóa dầu | Petrochemical products include plastics. |
| depletion | /dɪˈpliːʃən/ | Sự cạn kiệt | Depletion of reserves is a concern. |
| seismic survey | /ˈsaɪzmɪk ˈsɜːveɪ/ | Khảo sát địa chấn | Seismic surveys locate deposits. |
| renewable energy | /rɪˈnjuːəbl ˈenədʒi/ | Năng lượng tái tạo | Renewable energy is the future. |
| carbon footprint | /ˈkɑːbən ˈfʊtprɪnt/ | Dấu chân carbon | Reduce your carbon footprint. |
| barrel | /ˈbærəl/ | Thùng dầu (đơn vị) | Oil is priced per barrel. |
| hydraulic fracturing | /haɪˈdrɒlɪk ˈfræktʃərɪŋ/ | Thủy lực nứt vỡ | Hydraulic fracturing is controversial. |
| tar sands | /tɑː(r) sændz/ | Cát nhựa | Oil from tar sands needs processing. |
| hydrocarbon | /ˌhaɪdrəˈkɑːbən/ | Hydrocarbon | Hydrocarbons form petroleum. |
| non-renewable | /ˌnɒn rɪˈnjuːəbl/ | Không tái tạo | Petroleum is non-renewable. |
| oil field | /ɔɪl fiːld/ | Mỏ dầu | The oil field is in the North Sea. |
| environmental regulation | /ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentl ˌreɡjʊˈleɪʃən/ | Quy định môi trường | Comply with environmental regulations. |
| transition | /trænˈzɪʃən/ | Sự chuyển đổi | The energy transition is accelerating. |
| petroleum derivative | /pəˈtrəʊliəm dɪˈrɪvətɪv/ | Sản phẩm phái sinh từ dầu mỏ | Petroleum derivatives are in plastics. |
