Trong tiếng Anh, cụm từ “phân từ” thường được dùng để chỉ mệnh đề phân từ (participle clause), trong khi “trạng ngữ rút gọn” (reduced adverbial clause) là cách nói thông dụng để chỉ mệnh đề trạng ngữ rút gọn. Dưới đây là định nghĩa và ví dụ về cả hai loại này:

Mệnh đề phân từ (Participle clause):

Một mệnh đề phân từ là một cụm từ có dạng của một động từ phân từ (participle), thường được sử dụng như một phần của câu để cung cấp thông tin bổ sung hoặc mô tả. Có hai loại chính: mệnh đề phân từ hiện tại (present participle clause) và mệnh đề phân từ quá khứ (past participle clause).

• Mệnh đề phân từ hiện tại: Cấu trúc: [V-ing + …] Ví dụ: Walking along the street, he noticed something unusual. (Đi dọc theo con đường, anh ta chú ý thấy điều gì đó bất thường.)

1. Running late, she hurried to catch the train.
2. Laughing uncontrollably, the children enjoyed the funny movie.
3. Sitting at the café, he sipped his coffee slowly.
4. Talking on the phone, she didn’t notice the time passing.
5. Playing in the park, the kids laughed and shouted with joy.
6. Reading quietly in his room, he escaped into the world of books.
7. Shopping for groceries, she filled her basket with fresh vegetables.
8. Watching the sunset, they felt a sense of peace wash over them.
9. Driving through the countryside, he admired the scenic views.
10. Listening to music, she relaxed on the couch after a long day.
11. Swimming in the pool, the children cooled off on a hot summer day.
12. Biking along the trail, he enjoyed the fresh air and exercise.
13. Writing in his journal, he reflected on the events of the day.
14. Painting a picture, she expressed her creativity on canvas.
15. Singing along to her favorite song, she danced around the room.
16. Cooking dinner, he experimented with new recipes in the kitchen.
17. Hiking in the mountains, they explored the rugged terrain.
18. Texting on his phone, he didn’t notice the people around him.
19. Gardening in her backyard, she planted colorful flowers.
20. Studying for exams, she spent hours reviewing her notes.
21. Exercising at the gym, he worked up a sweat on the treadmill.
22. Typing on his laptop, he finished his report before the deadline.
23. Fishing by the river, he enjoyed the peaceful solitude.
24. Drawing sketches, she captured the beauty of the landscape.
25. Singing in the choir, they practiced for the upcoming concert.

• Mệnh đề phân từ quá khứ: Cấu trúc: [V3 + …] Ví dụ: Exhausted from work, she went straight to bed. (Mệt mỏi từ công việc, cô ấy đi thẳng vào giường.)

1. Amazed by the performance, he gave them a standing ovation.
2. Terrified by the loud noise, the cat hid under the bed.
3. Fascinated by the ancient ruins, they spent hours exploring the archaeological site.
4. Inspired by her speech, the audience erupted into applause.
5. Captivated by the plot twists, I couldn’t put the book down.
6. Encouraged by his friends, he decided to pursue his dream of becoming an artist.
7. Horrified by the accident scene, they called for emergency assistance.
8. Determined to succeed, she worked tirelessly day and night.
9. Impressed by his skills, they offered him the job on the spot.
10. Shocked by the news, she couldn’t believe her ears.
11. Disappointed by the movie’s ending, they left the theater early.
12. Worried about her safety, he called her repeatedly until she answered.
13. Surprised by the unexpected visit, they welcomed their guests warmly.
14. Annoyed by the constant interruptions, he couldn’t focus on his work.
15. Thrilled by the roller coaster ride, they screamed with excitement.
16. Moved by the heartfelt apology, she forgave him instantly.
17. Dismayed by the poor weather forecast, they canceled their outdoor plans.
18. Baffled by the complex puzzle, he asked for a hint.
19. Exhausted from the long journey, they collapsed into bed as soon as they arrived home.
20. Confused by the conflicting information, they sought clarification from their supervisor.
21. Delighted by the surprise party, she couldn’t stop smiling.
22. Intimidated by the fierce competition, he trained harder than ever before.
23. Reassured by his words of encouragement, she felt more confident about the upcoming exam.
24. Appalled by the cruel treatment of animals, they joined the protest against animal cruelty.
25. Saddened by the loss of a loved one, they mourned together in silence.

Mệnh đề trạng ngữ rút gọn (Reduced adverbial clause):

Một mệnh đề trạng ngữ rút gọn là một mệnh đề trạng ngữ được viết ngắn gọn hơn thông qua việc loại bỏ một phần của nó (thường là loại bỏ chủ ngữ và động từ “to be”) mà không làm thay đổi ý nghĩa của câu. Điều này giúp câu trở nên ngắn gọn hơn và dễ đọc hơn.Ví dụ:

• Trước khi rút gọn: While he was waiting for the bus, he read a book.
• Sau khi rút gọn: Waiting for the bus, he read a book.
• Trước khi rút gọn: Because it was raining heavily, we decided to stay indoors.
• Sau khi rút gọn: Raining heavily, we decided to stay indoors.

Bài tập rút gọn câu

Rút gọn câu theo những gì đã học trong bài này.

1. While she was cooking dinner, she listened to music.
2. While they were studying for the exam, they drank coffee.
3. While he was jogging in the park, he saw a deer.
4. While they were watching TV, they heard a loud noise.
5. While she was doing yoga, she felt relaxed.
6. While he was driving to work, he listened to a podcast.
7. While they were waiting for the movie to start, they chatted with friends.
8. While she was gardening, she found a rare flower.
9. While he was walking his dog, he met an old friend.
10. While they were playing basketball, it started to rain.
11. While she was reading a book, she fell asleep.
12. While he was washing the dishes, he broke a plate.
13. While they were hiking in the mountains, they enjoyed the scenery.
14. While she was painting a picture, she got paint on her clothes.
15. While he was cooking breakfast, he burned the toast.
16. While they were shopping at the mall, they bought new shoes.
17. While she was taking a shower, the phone rang.
18. While he was fixing his bike, he got grease on his hands.
19. While they were waiting for the concert to begin, they took selfies.
20. While she was writing an email, she spilled her coffee.
21. While he was cleaning his room, he found his lost wallet.
22. While they were having dinner, they discussed their vacation plans.
23. While she was jogging on the beach, she found a seashell.
24. While he was mowing the lawn, he saw a rabbit.
25. While they were attending the meeting, they took notes.

Đáp án:

1. Cooking dinner, she listened to music.
2. Studying for the exam, they drank coffee.
3. Jogging in the park, he saw a deer.
4. Watching TV, they heard a loud noise.
5. Doing yoga, she felt relaxed.
6. Driving to work, he listened to a podcast.
7. Waiting for the movie to start, they chatted with friends.
8. Gardening, she found a rare flower.
9. Walking his dog, he met an old friend.
10. Playing basketball, it started to rain.
11. Reading a book, she fell asleep.
12. Washing the dishes, he broke a plate.
13. Hiking in the mountains, they enjoyed the scenery.
14. Painting a picture, she got paint on her clothes.
15. Cooking breakfast, he burned the toast.
16. Shopping at the mall, they bought new shoes.
17. Taking a shower, the phone rang.
18. Fixing his bike, he got grease on his hands.
19. Waiting for the concert to begin, they took selfies.
20. Writing an email, she spilled her coffee.
21. Cleaning his room, he found his lost wallet.
22. Having dinner, they discussed their vacation plans.
23. Jogging on the beach, she found a seashell.
24. Mowing the lawn, he saw a rabbit.
25. Attending the meeting, they took notes.

Điền đúng dạng của mệnh đề phân từ:

1. _________ (walk) along the beach, they found many seashells.
2. _________ (study) hard for the test, she hoped to get a good grade.
3. _________ (play) basketball, he accidentally sprained his ankle.
4. _________ (read) the book, she discovered many interesting facts.
5. _________ (listen) to music, he fell asleep on the couch.
6. _________ (paint) the wall, he accidentally spilled the paint.
7. _________ (fix) the car, they realized they were missing a tool.
8. _________ (cook) dinner, she burnt the chicken.
9. _________ (wait) for the bus, they chatted with each other.
10. _________ (clean) the house, she found an old photograph.
11. _________ (drive) to work, he got stuck in traffic.
12. _________ (watch) a movie, they ordered pizza for delivery.
13. _________ (walk) in the park, they saw a beautiful sunset.
14. _________ (study) late into the night, he drank too much coffee.
15. _________ (write) an email, she accidentally deleted it.
16. _________ (play) in the rain, they got completely soaked.
17. _________ (swim) in the ocean, she saw a school of fish.
18. _________ (travel) around Europe, they visited many famous landmarks.
19. _________ (hike) in the mountains, they encountered wild animals.
20. _________ (attend) the concert, they enjoyed the music.
21. _________ (wait) for the rain to stop, they decided to stay indoors.
22. _________ (read) the newspaper, he found an interesting article.
23. _________ (work) on the project, they faced many challenges.
24. _________ (dance) at the party, she twisted her ankle.
25. _________ (bike) to school, he got a flat tire.
26. _________ (study) for the exam, she felt stressed out.
27. _________ (cook) breakfast, he accidentally burned the toast.
28. _________ (wait) for their turn, they played cards to pass the time.
29. _________ (watch) the sunset, they felt a sense of tranquility.
30. _________ (sleep) under the stars, they woke up feeling refreshed.
31. _________ (clean) the garage, they found some old toys.
32. _________ (work) on the farm, they harvested vegetables.
33. _________ (practice) piano, she became better at playing.
34. _________ (study) English, they improved their language skills.
35. _________ (write) in her journal, she reflected on her day.
36. _________ (listen) to the radio, he heard his favorite song.
37. _________ (paint) the fence, he accidentally splashed paint on his clothes.
38. _________ (wait) for the elevator, they discussed weekend plans.
39. _________ (read) a magazine, she found an interesting recipe.
40. _________ (travel) to Asia, they experienced new cultures.
41. _________ (work) on the computer, he accidentally deleted the file.
42. _________ (attend) the party, they had a great time.
43. _________ (bake) cookies, she forgot to set the timer.
44. _________ (watch) a documentary, they learned about endangered species.
45. _________ (study) the map, they figured out the best route.
46. _________ (clean) the windows, she accidentally broke one.
47. _________ (wait) for the rain to stop, they played board games.
48. _________ (listen) to the podcast, he gained new insights.
49. _________ (paint) the walls, they chose a light shade of blue.
50. _________ (work) on the puzzle, they found it challenging.

Đáp án:

1. Walking
2. Studying
3. Playing
4. Reading
5. Listening
6. Painting
7. Fixing
8. Cooking
9. Waiting
10. Cleaning
11. Driving
12. Watching
13. Walking
14. Studying
15. Writing
16. Playing
17. Swimming
18. Traveling
19. Hiking
20. Attending
21. Waiting
22. Reading
23. Working
24. Dancing
25. Biking
26. Studying
27. Cooking
28. Waiting
29. Watching
30. Sleeping
31. Cleaning
32. Working
33. Practicing
34. Studying
35. Writing
36. Listening
37. Painting
38. Waiting
39. Reading
40. Traveling
41. Working
42. Attending
43. Baking
44. Watching
45. Studying
46. Cleaning
47. Waiting
48. Listening
49. Painting
50. Working

Đọc thêm: 100 câu luyện thì hiện tại tiếp diễn trong tiếng Anh.