Mệnh đề phụ thuộc (dependent clause) là một phần của câu không thể đứng một mình như một câu hoàn chỉnh. Nó thường được kết hợp với mệnh đề chính (independent clause) để tạo thành một câu phức. Có ba loại mệnh đề phụ thuộc chính trong tiếng Anh: mệnh đề danh từ (noun clause), mệnh đề trạng ngữ (adverbial clause), và mệnh đề tính từ (adjective clause).

1. Mệnh đề danh từ (Noun Clause)

Mệnh đề danh từ đóng vai trò như một danh từ trong câu. Nó có thể là chủ ngữ, tân ngữ, hoặc bổ ngữ.

Ví dụ:

• What he said surprised everyone. (Chủ ngữ)
• I don’t know where she went. (Tân ngữ)
• The question is whether he will come. (Bổ ngữ)

Dấu hiệu nhận biết: Mệnh đề danh từ thường bắt đầu bằng các từ như: “that”, “what”, “who”, “whether”, “if”, “why”, “how”, “when”, “where”, “whom”.

2. Mệnh đề trạng ngữ (Adverbial Clause)

Mệnh đề trạng ngữ đóng vai trò như một trạng từ, bổ sung thông tin về thời gian, nơi chốn, nguyên nhân, điều kiện, mục đích, hoặc cách thức cho mệnh đề chính.

Ví dụ:

• When she arrived, the party had already started. (Thời gian)
• Because he was tired, he went to bed early. (Nguyên nhân)
• If it rains, we will stay home. (Điều kiện)

Dấu hiệu nhận biết: Mệnh đề trạng ngữ thường bắt đầu bằng các liên từ phụ thuộc như: “when”, “while”, “because”, “if”, “although”, “since”, “as”, “unless”.

3. Mệnh đề tính từ (Adjective Clause)

Mệnh đề tính từ, còn gọi là mệnh đề quan hệ, bổ sung thông tin cho danh từ hoặc đại từ. Nó có chức năng giống như một tính từ trong câu.

Ví dụ:

• The book that you gave me is very interesting. (Bổ nghĩa cho “the book”)
• She is the person who helped me. (Bổ nghĩa cho “the person”)

Dấu hiệu nhận biết: Mệnh đề tính từ thường bắt đầu bằng các đại từ quan hệ như: “who”, “whom”, “which”, “that”, hoặc các trạng từ quan hệ như: “when”, “where”, “why”.

Cách sử dụng mệnh đề phụ thuộc:

1. Xác định loại thông tin cần bổ sung:
   • Nếu cần bổ sung thông tin về danh từ, sử dụng mệnh đề tính từ.
   • Nếu cần bổ sung thông tin về hành động, sự kiện, lý do, thời gian, sử dụng mệnh đề trạng ngữ.
   • Nếu cần mệnh đề đóng vai trò danh từ, sử dụng mệnh đề danh từ.
2. Chú ý đến vị trí của mệnh đề phụ thuộc:
   • Mệnh đề trạng ngữ có thể đứng ở đầu hoặc cuối câu.
   • Mệnh đề danh từ và tính từ thường đứng sau danh từ hoặc động từ mà chúng bổ nghĩa.
3. Sử dụng đúng liên từ phụ thuộc:
   • Chọn liên từ phù hợp để diễn đạt đúng nghĩa.

Ví dụ về câu phức sử dụng mệnh đề phụ thuộc:

• Noun Clause: I believe that he will win the competition.
• Adverbial Clause: We will go hiking if the weather is nice.
• Adjective Clause: The man who is wearing a blue jacket is my brother.

Việc hiểu rõ cách sử dụng mệnh đề phụ thuộc sẽ giúp bạn tạo ra những câu phức tạp và diễn đạt ý tưởng của mình một cách chính xác và tinh tế hơn trong tiếng Anh.

Bài tập về mệnh đề phụ thuộc trong tiếng Anh

1. I don’t know _______ she is coming to the party.
2. She didn’t tell me _______ she had been.
3. The reason _______ I called you is very important.
4. _______ he was tired, he still went to the gym.
5. This is the book _______ I was talking about.
6. She is the one _______ I met at the conference.
7. He can’t decide _______ to go or stay.
8. I’ll call you _______ I get home.
9. The person _______ helped me was very kind.
10. _______ it was raining, they decided to go for a walk.
11. He asked me _______ I was feeling better.
12. They moved to the city _______ they found better job opportunities.
13. The man _______ car was stolen is very upset.
14. _______ she studied hard, she failed the exam.
15. Do you remember the time _______ we went camping?
16. I wonder _______ he knows the truth.
17. The teacher asked the students _______ they had finished their homework.
18. _______ you finish your work, you can go home.
19. The house _______ I grew up in is now a museum.
20. _______ you practice more, you will improve.
21. The movie _______ we watched last night was really good.
22. _______ it is hot, we should drink plenty of water.
23. She couldn’t decide _______ to stay or leave.
24. The company _______ I work for is expanding rapidly.
25. _______ he was late, he missed the meeting.
26. This is the place _______ we first met.
27. She is the girl _______ everyone is talking about.
28. I can’t remember _______ I left my keys.
29. The day _______ we met was unforgettable.
30. He was so tired _______ he fell asleep immediately.
31. I’ll call you _______ I arrive at the airport.
32. The book _______ she lent me was very interesting.
33. _______ you are hungry, there is food in the fridge.
34. She was late _______ there was heavy traffic.
35. The restaurant _______ we had dinner was excellent.
36. He didn’t tell me _______ he was going to be late.
37. The girl _______ won the prize is my cousin.
38. _______ he didn’t feel well, he still went to work.
39. This is the song _______ I was telling you about.
40. I don’t know _______ they will come or not.
41. The day _______ we moved into the new house was chaotic.
42. He promised _______ he would call me later.
43. The place _______ they got married is beautiful.
44. _______ it was late, they continued working.
45. She asked me _______ I could help her.
46. The problem _______ we discussed is very complicated.
47. _______ you need help, just let me know.
48. The man _______ owns this car is a doctor.
49. _______ it was cold, they decided to go swimming.
50. Do you know _______ she is coming today?
51. The reason _______ they are leaving is unclear.
52. The man _______ you met yesterday is my uncle.
53. I can’t believe _______ he didn’t tell us.
54. The city _______ they live in is very beautiful.
55. _______ he didn’t study, he passed the exam.
56. This is the house _______ I was born.
57. The car _______ was parked outside was stolen.
58. _______ the weather is good, we can go hiking.
59. The person _______ you are looking for just left.
60. _______ I get paid, I will buy a new phone.
61. The movie _______ we watched last night was boring.
62. She didn’t explain _______ she was so upset.
63. _______ you finish your dinner, you can have dessert.
64. The reason _______ he left early was because he was tired.
65. The man _______ car broke down is my neighbor.
66. _______ it was snowing, they decided to go skiing.
67. I can’t remember _______ I saw him last.
68. The day _______ we went to the beach was very hot.
69. She wondered _______ he would come to the party.
70. The place _______ we stayed was very nice.
71. _______ the weather is bad, we will stay inside.
72. The woman _______ I spoke to was very helpful.
73. I’m not sure _______ he will be there.
74. The city _______ we visited last year was amazing.
75. _______ it was raining, we stayed indoors.
76. This is the book _______ changed my life.
77. The people _______ live next door are very friendly.
78. _______ he was tired, he stayed up late.
79. The car _______ she bought is very expensive.
80. She didn’t say _______ she was going to the party.
81. The place _______ we had lunch was very crowded.
82. _______ you have any questions, please ask.
83. The reason _______ she is upset is because she lost her job.
84. The man _______ you met yesterday is a famous author.
85. _______ he was sick, he didn’t go to work.
86. The project _______ we are working on is very important.
87. I don’t know _______ they have finished the project yet.
88. The city _______ we live in is very busy.
89. _______ she didn’t like the movie, she stayed until the end.
90. This is the restaurant _______ I was telling you about.
91. The person _______ called me didn’t leave a message.
92. _______ he is very talented, he is also very humble.
93. The problem _______ we need to solve is very complex.
94. _______ they finish the meeting, they will call us.
95. The house _______ they built is very modern.
96. _______ the traffic is bad, I’ll take the train.
97. The person _______ you are waiting for just arrived.
98. I’m not sure _______ I will go to the party.
99. The school _______ my brother goes to is very famous.
100. _______ she doesn’t like coffee, she ordered a cup.

Đáp án

Here are the conjunctions you listed:

1. if
2. where
3. why
4. Although
5. that
6. who
7. whether
8. when
9. who
10. Although
11. if
12. because
13. whose
14. Although
15. when
16. if
17. if
18. When
19. where
20. If
21. that
22. Since
23. whether
24. where
25. Because
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27. who
28. where
29. when
30. that
31. when
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33. If
34. because
35. where
36. that
37. who
38. Although
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40. if
41. when
42. that
43. where
44. Although
45. if
46. which
47. If
48. who
49. Although
50. if
51. why
52. whom
53. that
54. where
55. Although
56. where
57. that
58. If
59. whom
60. when
61. that
62. why
63. If
64. why
65. whose
66. Although
67. where
68. when
69. if
70. where
71. If
72. whom
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74. where
75. Because
76. that
77. who
78. Although
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82. If
83. why
84. whom
85. Because
86. which
87. if
88. where
89. Although
90. that
91. who
92. Although
93. which
94. When
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96. If
97. whom
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100. Although