Cụm từ phân từ hiện tại (present participle phrases) trong tiếng Anh là một cách sử dụng rất hiệu quả để làm câu thêm phong phú, mạch lạc và rõ ràng hơn. Cụm từ này thường bắt đầu bằng một động từ dạng -ing và được sử dụng để bổ sung thông tin hoặc mô tả thêm về hành động hoặc tình huống liên quan.

Cách sử dụng cụm từ phân từ hiện tại

1. Mô tả hành động đồng thời xảy ra:
   • Khi hai hành động diễn ra cùng một lúc, bạn có thể sử dụng cụm từ phân từ hiện tại để chỉ rõ điều này.
   • Ví dụ:
     • She was walking down the street, listening to music.
     • He sat in the chair, reading a book.
   • Giải thích: Trong hai ví dụ trên, “listening to music” và “reading a book” mô tả các hành động đang diễn ra đồng thời với hành động chính.
2. Mô tả nguyên nhân hoặc lý do:
   • Cụm từ phân từ hiện tại có thể dùng để chỉ nguyên nhân hoặc lý do dẫn đến hành động chính trong câu.
   • Ví dụ:
     • Feeling tired, she went to bed early.
     • Knowing the answer, he raised his hand.
   • Giải thích: “Feeling tired” và “Knowing the answer” giải thích lý do tại sao nhân vật thực hiện hành động chính trong câu.
3. Mô tả hậu quả:
   • Cụm từ phân từ hiện tại cũng có thể chỉ hậu quả của một hành động nào đó.
   • Ví dụ:
     • The vase fell off the shelf, breaking into pieces.
     • He tripped, spilling his coffee everywhere.
   • Giải thích: “breaking into pieces” và “spilling his coffee everywhere” là kết quả trực tiếp của hành động chính trong câu.
4. Rút gọn mệnh đề phụ:
   • Cụm từ phân từ hiện tại có thể thay thế cho mệnh đề phụ để làm câu ngắn gọn hơn.
   • Ví dụ:
     • Before going to work, she usually drinks a cup of coffee. (Thay vì: “Before she goes to work, she usually drinks a cup of coffee.”)
     • Not knowing what to say, he remained silent. (Thay vì: “Because he did not know what to say, he remained silent.”)
   • Giải thích: Việc rút gọn giúp câu ngắn gọn hơn mà vẫn giữ được ý nghĩa rõ ràng.

Lưu ý khi sử dụng cụm từ phân từ hiện tại

• Chủ ngữ chung: Chủ ngữ của câu và của cụm phân từ hiện tại phải là cùng một đối tượng để tránh gây nhầm lẫn.
  • Ví dụ đúng: Walking down the street, she saw an old friend. (Chủ ngữ của câu và cụm phân từ đều là “she”.)
  • Ví dụ sai: Walking down the street, the car drove past. (Ở đây, cụm từ “walking down the street” không phù hợp với chủ ngữ “the car”, gây nhầm lẫn.)
• Vị trí trong câu: Cụm từ phân từ hiện tại có thể đứng ở đầu, giữa hoặc cuối câu tùy theo thông tin mà bạn muốn nhấn mạnh.
• Tránh lạm dụng: Dù hữu ích, nhưng việc sử dụng quá nhiều cụm từ phân từ hiện tại trong một câu hoặc đoạn văn có thể làm văn phong trở nên phức tạp và khó hiểu.

Bài tập

1. She _______ reading books in her free time.
2. They _______ to the market every Saturday.
3. He _______ breakfast before going to work.
4. The movie _______ at 8:00 PM.
5. We _______ our grandparents last weekend.
6. She _______ for the exam all night.
7. They _______ excited about the trip.
8. I _______ never seen such a beautiful sunset.
9. The teacher _______ us homework every day.
10. He _______ his car to work every morning.
11. The cake _______ in the oven for 30 minutes.
12. She _______ not like eating vegetables.
13. They _______ a movie when I called.
14. He _______ his work before the deadline.
15. We _______ to the beach next weekend.
16. She _______ three languages fluently.
17. He _______ for the bus for an hour.
18. They _______ football in the park yesterday.
19. The letter _______ by mail last week.
20. She _______ the house every Saturday.
21. He _______ a letter to his friend last night.
22. We _______ to the concert together.
23. The book _______ on the table when I arrived.
24. She _______ me as soon as she got home.
25. They _______ a new house in the neighborhood.
26. He _______ a shower before going out.
27. She _______ how to play the piano.
28. They _______ to Paris for their vacation.
29. He _______ the newspaper every morning.
30. The flowers _______ in the spring.
31. She _______ to school every day.
32. They _______ the house for the party.
33. He _______ his keys somewhere in the house.
34. The book _______ by a famous author.
35. She _______ to music while studying.
36. They _______ dinner for the family.
37. He _______ in the park every evening.
38. The car _______ by the mechanic.
39. She _______ a beautiful picture.
40. They _______ at the airport on time.
41. He _______ the door for the guests.
42. The movie _______ in New York.
43. She _______ her mother with the chores.
44. They _______ to Japan last summer.
45. He _______ his bike after it broke down.
46. The dog _______ all night.
47. She _______ a cake for the party.
48. They _______ video games all afternoon.
49. He _______ the garage yesterday.
50. The letter _______ by her yesterday.
51. She _______ the walls in her room.
52. They _______ us to their wedding.
53. He _______ for directions to the station.
54. The cake _______ in the oven.
55. She _______ to the store to buy groceries.
56. They _______ their old car last month.
57. He _______ his arm while playing basketball.
58. The book _______ by many people.
59. She _______ the kitchen after dinner.
60. They _______ their anniversary yesterday.
61. He _______ English at the university.
62. The flowers _______ every morning.
63. She _______ the violin beautifully.
64. They _______ late to the party.
65. He _______ the broken window.
66. The movie _______ by everyone in the class.
67. She _______ in the choir every Sunday.
68. They _______ a surprise for their friend.
69. He _______ the door behind him.
70. The book _______ from the library.
71. She _______ dinner for the family.
72. They _______ the house at 7 AM.
73. He _______ the project on time.
74. The car _______ in the driveway.
75. She _______ for her final exams.
76. They _______ their friends at the restaurant.
77. He _______ his wallet under the bed.
78. The song _______ by a famous musician.
79. She _______ late every night this week.
80. They _______ to a new apartment.
81. He _______ the train to work every morning.
82. The letter _______ yesterday.
83. She _______ watching the sunset.
84. They _______ a picnic in the park.
85. He _______ the door before leaving.
86. The cake _______ with flowers.
87. She _______ the computer problem.
88. They _______ for the exam together.
89. He _______ a new car last week.
90. The movie _______ by a well-known director.
91. She _______ a book about her travels.
92. They _______ by the fire on a cold night.
93. He _______ the dishes after dinner.
94. The project _______ on time.
95. She _______ her friend to catch up.
96. They _______ for the big event.
97. He _______ his bike to school.
98. The flowers _______ in the garden.
99. She _______ a map for directions.
100. They _______ the house before guests arrived.

Đáp án

1. enjoys
2. go
3. eats
4. starts
5. visited
6. studied
7. are
8. have
9. gives
10. drives
11. bakes
12. does not like
13. were watching
14. finished
15. are going
16. speaks
17. waited
18. played
19. was sent
20. cleans
21. wrote
22. went
23. was
24. called
25. are building
26. takes
27. is learning
28. flew
29. reads
30. bloom
31. walks
32. decorated
33. lost
34. was written
35. listens
36. prepared
37. runs
38. was washed
39. drew
40. arrived
41. opened
42. was filmed
43. helped
44. traveled
45. fixed
46. barked
47. made
48. played
49. cleaned
50. was written
51. painted
52. invited
53. asked
54. is baking
55. drove
56. sold
57. injured
58. was read
59. cleaned
60. celebrated
61. teaches
62. are watered
63. plays
64. arrived
65. fixed
66. was watched
67. sings
68. planned
69. closed
70. was borrowed
71. cooked
72. left
73. finished
74. is parked
75. is studying
76. met
77. found
78. was composed
79. has been working
80. moved
81. rides
82. was delivered
83. enjoys
84. had
85. locked
86. is decorated
87. fixed
88. studied
89. bought
90. was directed
91. wrote
92. sat
93. washed
94. was completed
95. called
96. prepared
97. rides
98. bloom
99. drew
100. cleaned